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22/06/2009 22:55

Bali Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Indonesian island. For other uses, see Bali

Bali
Motto: Bali Dwipa Jaya (”Glorious Bali Island”)

Capital	Denpasar
Governor	Made Mangku Pastika
Area	5,632.86 km² (2,175 sq mi)
Population	3,150,000 (2000)
Density	559.2 /km² (1,448 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Balinese (89%), Javanese (7%), Baliaga (1%), Madurese (1%)^[1]
Religion	Hindu (93.18%), Muslim (4.79%), Christian (1.38%), Buddhist (0.64%)
Languages	Indonesian (official), Balinese
Time zone	UTC+8
Web site	www.baliprov.go.id

Bali is an Indonesian island located at 8°25′23″S 115°14′55″E/8.42306°S 115.24861°E/-8.42306; 115.24861Coordinates: 8°25′23″S 115°14′55″E/8.42306°S 115.24861°E/-8.42306; 115.24861, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country’s 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island.

With a population recorded as 3,151,000 in 2005, the island is home to the vast majority of Indonesia’s small Hindu minority. 93.18% of Bali’s population adheres to Balinese Hinduism, while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking and music.

History

Temple offering in predominantly Hindu Bali island.

Bali was inhabited by Austronesian peoples by about 2000 BCE who migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia.^[2] Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, the Philippines, and Oceania.^[3] Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island’s west.^[4]

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian and Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, in a process beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa (”Bali island”) has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong charter issued by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 913 AD and mentioning Walidwipa. It was during this time that the complex irrigation system subak was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.

The first European contact with Bali is thought to have been made by Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman who arrived in 1597, though a Portuguese ship had foundered off the Bukit Peninsula as early as 1585.^{[citation needed]} Dutch colonial control was expanded across the Indonesian archipelago in the nineteenth century (see Dutch East Indies). Their political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island’s north coast by playing various distrustful Balinese realms against each other.^[5] In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island’s south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who marched to certain death against superior Dutch force in a suicidal puputan defensive assault rather than face the humiliation of surrender.^[5] Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 4,000 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders. In 1908, a similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise little influence over the island, and local control over religion and culture generally remained intact.

Dutch rule over Bali had come later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku. Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II during which time a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese ‘freedom army’. In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin McPhee created a western image of Bali as “an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature”, and western tourism first developed on the island.^[6] Following Japan’s Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia, including Bali, immediately to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese rebels now using Japanese weapons. On 20 November 1946, the Battle of Marga was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made a suicide attack on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance. In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly-proclaimed Republic of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the “Republic of the United States of Indonesia” when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those rejecting these traditional values. Politically, this was represented by opposing supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI’s land reform programs.^[5] An attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5 per cent of the island’s population.^[7] With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.^[8]

Bali blast monument.

As a result of the 1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to maneuver Sukarno out of the presidency, and his “New Order” government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War Bali as “paradise” was revised in a modern form, and the resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.^[5] A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely affected tourism, bringing much economic hardship to the island.

Geography

Topography of the island

The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8 degrees south of the equator. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and is approximately 112 km (69 mi) north to south; it’s land area is 5,632 km². The highest point is Mount Agung at 3,142 m (10,308 feet) high, an active volcano that last erupted in March 1963. Mountains cover centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Mount Batur (1,717 m) is also still active; an eruption 30,000 years ago was one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth.^{[citation needed]}

In the south the land descends to form an alluvial plain, watered by shallow, north-south flowing rivers, drier in the dry season and overflowing during periods of heavy rain. The longest of these rivers, Sungai Ayung, is also the longest on the island (approx. 75 km).

The principal city is the present provincial capital and largest city, Denpasar, near the southern coast. Its population is around 300,000. Bali’s second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja, which is located on the north coast and is home to around 100,000 people. Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar’s urban area; and Ubud, which is north of Denpasar, and known as the island’s cultural centre.

Southern Bali in the foreground and Mount Agung behind

There is a coastal road surround the island, as well as three major two-lane arteries that cross the central mountains at passes reaching to 1,750m in height (at Penelokan). Minor roads branch off of these major highways. The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar and enables cars to travel quickly in the heavily populated south. Bali has no railway lines.

The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand. The beach town of Padangbai in the south east has both^{[citation needed]}. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they are not yet used for significant tourism.

To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia. The transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.

Ecology

The Bali Starling lives only on Bali. As few as six may exist in the wild as of 2001

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)

Bali has around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali Starling. The only endemic high-level predator of the island, the Bali tiger, became extinct in the 1930s.

The Bali Barat National Park, located on the north western side of the island, is a refuge for wildlife such as the Sunda Pangolin, Indian Muntjac, Mouse-deer, Leopard Cat, Black Giant Squirrel, and several species of macaque and leaf monkey.

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22/06/2009 22:53

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusions

1) The opportunities of agrotourism development in Bali
Agroutorism development in Bali has a number of opportunities such as increasing family incomes, creating working fields for the local communities, generating related tourism businesses, and increasing value of the village. Family income increases are considered to be the most potential opportunity compare to others.

2) The barriers factors of agrotourism development in Bali
The hardest barriers factors agroutorism development in Bali is the inadequate infrastructures, then followed with limited public facilities. Imperfect human resource skills, scarce investments, and insufficient government supports are the last three barrier factors.

3) The stakeholders’ opinions toward agrotourism development in Bali.
The stakeholders predominantly agree that ecological resources particularly lakes, social life especially farmers and their lives, and cultural resources such as unique traditions are the strength factors of agrotourism development in Bali.

4) The weakness factors agrotourism development in Bali
A number of weaknesses of agrotourism development agreed by the stakeholders from the weakest factors until the least weakness contributors as follows; lack government support, lack of investment, lack of infrastructures, and lack of human skills. But, incomplete public facilities are not considered as weaknesses factors.

5) The opportunity factors agrotourism development in Bali
Generating related tourism businesses are the most potential opportunity of agrotourism development in Bali. However there are still numerous opportunities generated from agrotourism such as providing local employments, increasing family incomes, and increasing value of the village.

6) The threat factors agrotourism development in Bali
Degradation of natural resources regarded as the riskiest threat of agrotourism development in Bali. The second most serious matter is land using problems as many areas have been developed inappropriately and are not in accordance with the principle of tourism development. Other threats such as pollutions (including air, water, and land pollutions), host attitude changes, increasing criminalities, as well as commercialization of traditions are also supposed to be threats factors however they are not as serious as the two hazardous threats.

7) The contributions of agrotourism toward economy improvement
Agrotourism contributes lots of things in improving the economy of the local communities. The contributions are in the forms of agricultural product improvements, and stimulations of other related tourism enterprises such as handicraft shops, restaurants, and accommodations.

The contributions of agrotourism toward improvement of social situation
Agrotourism plays roles in improving the social situations of the local communities particularly poverty alleviation, decreasing unemployment as well as declining urbanization.

9) The contributions of agrotourism toward sustainable tourism development in Bali
Nature conservation as one the sustainable tourism development indicators is contributed by agrotourism development in Bali. Other contributions such as international tourist arrival increase and generating economic incomes which can be seen from the establishments of tourism businesses for local communities strengthen argument that agrotourism plays role in applying the principles of sustainable tourism development.

5.2. Recommendation and Strategies

Based on the research finding, this chapter formulates the strategy of agrotourism development in Bali by using SWOT analysis which formulated into four strategies comprises SO (a strategy which uses the strengths to take advantages of the opportunities), WO (a strategy which overcomes the weaknesses by taking advantages of opportunities), ST (a strategy which use the strengths to avoid threats, and WT (a strategy which minimizes the weaknesses and avoids threats (table 5.1)

Table 5.1
SWOT Matrix: Agrotourism Development in Bali

S – Strengths
• Lakes
• Rice Fields
• Plantations
• Forests
• Farmers
• Unique traditions
• Agricultural organizations
• Events
• Agricultural ceremonies
• Organizations linkages
• Human resources
• Agriculture regulations
• Information systems
• Heritages

O – Opportunities
• Generating tourism business
• Employment
• Increasing family income
• Increasing value of the village

W – Weaknesses
• Lack of government support
• Lack of investment
• Lack of infrastructures
• Lack of human skills
• Lack of public facilities

T- Treats
• Degradation of natural resources
• Land using problems
• Pollutions
• Changing host attitudes
• Increasing criminalities
• Commercialization of traditions
Source: Analysis Primary Data, 2007

1) SO Strategies

The ecological resources such as lakes, rice fields, plantations and farms as well as forests; the social and cultural resources such as existing farmers, unique traditions, agricultural organizations, events, agricultural ceremonies, organizations linkages, human resources, agriculture regulations, information systems, heritages should be well developed, and promoted since these strength factors are able to generate potencies for other tourism business establishments, employment opportunities, enhance the family income and value of the village.

The uniqueness of each village should be well promoted and described to position strong images of the villages, indeed to combine agrotourism with the local indigenous and uniqueness.

• The main attractions of Bayung Gede Village are “Kuburan Ari-ari” (placenta grave) which used as the icon of the village and orange farm shall be used as the icon of agricultural products.

• The foremost attractions of Candi Kuning Village are organic farm and beautiful panorama of Beratan Lake and Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden. They should be promoted as the icon of agrotourism of this village.

• The primary attractions of Blimbingsari Village are the unique tradition of Christian communities; Balinese-style church, and story of the village becoming a Christian village in Bali should be promoted as icon of pluralism and harmonic situation in Bali. Meanwhile the coconut and cacao farms should be used as the icon of agricultural products of this village.

• The core attractions offered at Pelaga Village are beautiful panorama of mountain, rice fields, and organic farms. They are used as the icon of the village.

The programs which should be formulated such as entire cooperation with tourism operators, packaging events in the village, and provide village information system.

2) WO Strategies

Currently, government support, investment in agricultural sector, development of village infrastructures, human resource skills, and public facilities are identified as the weakness factors of agrotourism development in Bali, therefore the local “village” government and all stakeholders should propose agrotourism development to the provincial government and central government to play more roles in order to apply the agrotourism concepts and reach the primary goals of rural economic empowerment.

The programs which should be formulated are provide accessibilities for the agricultural investors to invest in the village to rise up the numbers of local SMEs “Small and Medium Entrepreneurs”, providing regulations, developing infrastructures and public facilities, as well as giving training and certain kinds of live-skills to the local communities in order to master tourism skills particularly agribusiness skills.

3) ST Strategies

Local uniqueness and indigenous used as tourism attractions shall be well managed and controlled to avoid the matters such as degradation of natural resources, land using problems such land for non agricultural sector, pollution, host attitude changes, criminalities, and commercialization of traditions.

The programs which should be formulated are providing environment controller system, provide business related agribusiness, and promote organic farms system.

4) WT Strategies

The weaknesses such as lack of government support, investment in agricultural sector, development of village infrastructures, human skills, and public facilities shall me immediately improved to develop agrotourism well. Furthermore the local communities should be actively involved in policy and planning makings.

The programs which should be formulated are involving the local communities as controller in many levels of organizations, issuing policy, using bottom-up planning system, enlarge cooperates with investors to develop agrotourism.

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22/06/2009 22:50

Finding and Analysis

The collected data are analyzed and interpreted to describe the current situation of tourism and agriculture in Bali particularly areas selected as case studies comprise Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages represent agrotourism objects in Bali Island. The opportunities and barriers of developing agrotourism from farmers’ opinions are clearly described in this chapter.

This chapter also discusses the tourism stakeholders’ opinions on agrotourism development in Bali from entrepreneurs, governments, tourism industries, NGOs, universities, and local communities; as well as the contributions of agrotourism to the economy improvement of the local communities, social situation of local communities, and sustainable tourism development.

4.1 A Glimpse of Bali

Geographically Bali is located in Pacific Ocean exactly in East side of Java Island and Northwest Australia. Bali consists of Bali island and other small islands namely; Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan, and Menjangan islands covering area of 5,632.86 km2 width. Two volcanic mountains, Mount Agung (the highest of 3,142 meters), Mount Batur (1,717 meters) stretch in the middle part of Bali island and non volcanic mountains are Mount Merbuk (1,356 meters), Mount Patas (1,414 meters) and Mount Seraya (1,174 meters). Some of non-volcanic reach the height between 1,000 to 2,000 meters.

Picture 4.1 Map of Bali Island.
https://www.bali-information.com/bali-map.jpg

Bali Island approximates width of 85% from the total area. Mountains and hills are decorated and surrounded with green forest and agricultural areas which functioned as natural water sources for all parts of Bali. On the mountainous areas there are four lakes namely: Batur Lake, Beratan Lake , Buyan Lake, and Tamblingan lakes. The geographical condition separates Bali into two parts, North Bali with a narrow lowland plain and tideland plain; and South Bali with wide lowland plain. South Bali forms alluvial mainland passed by shallow rivers.

Viewing from sloping land, most areas of Bali island consist of sloping land with the slope approximately 0-2% located in the South beach area and small part of the North beach, width area of 96,129 ha. Sloping land between 2-15% mostly located in Badung, Tabanan, Gianyar, Buleleng Regencies and the rest spread evenly along the beach with width of 132,056 ha. Sloping land between 15-40% covering area width 164,749 ha dominantly occupies middle part of Bali following the hill areas spread between West and East areas. While sloping area more than 40% is a hill and mountainside located in the middle part of Bali and parts of Nusa Penida Island.

Bali has a tropic climate with average temperature between 25 and 32 Degree Celsius influenced by the high area. Bali has two seasons fixed by climate wind namely Dry Season (May – September) and Wet Season (October – April). Rain falls at anytime even during the Dry Season, however rain in the evening could drive away all the dust. The average rain falls is 178 mm and reaches 459 mm during the rainy season while the average humidity in Bali is 79% and the wind speed is between 3.0 and 8.3 knot per hour.

Bali Province is divided into one city called Denpasar and 8 regencies namely Badung, Tabanan, Gianyar, Klungkung, Karangasem, Bangli, Buleleng, and Jembrana Regencies with the capital province in Denpasar. The total population of Bali Island is 2.998.770 people (Bali Statistic Bureau, 2000). The populations are not evenly spread, while Denpasar is the densest area with the dense population 3,218 people/km2.

4.2 General Preview of Case Studies

4.2.1 Bayung Gede Village, Kintamani District-Bangli Regency

Bayung Gede is the first village surveyed to collect information relate to rural and agrotourism. It is a rural tourism projected by Government of Bali Regency located nearby the eco-tourism Kintamani which famous for beautiful sceneries of Batur Lake and active volcano Mount Batur. The main tourist attraction offered at Bayung Gede Village is “Kuburan Ari-ari” (placenta grave).

The local communities of Bayung Gede Village believe it as spiritual of inhabitants of familiarity (picture 4.2). The district government of Bangli sees the potency and develop it become tourism object which added with some creations and innovations to enrich alternative tourist attractions in Bali.

Picture 4.2
Placenta Grave at Bayung Gede Village
Source: Research Observation

In addition, Bayung Gede Village also has other potencies such as orange farms and the beautiful panorama which developed as agrotourism (picture 4.3). Besides, lush vegetables grow in this village. Oranges and vegetables are currently produced to supply local markets in Bali Province. Tourists who visit Bayung Gede Village are dominantly still attracted by the unique of “Kuburan Ari-ari” although the village has lots potencies on agricultural resources (Bayung Gede Village Head, 2007).

Picture 4.3
Orange Farm at Bayung Gede Village
Source: Research Observation

4.2.2 Candi Kuning Village, Baturiti District-Tabanan Regency

Candi Kuning Village is a project which was initiated by the district government of Baturiti, Tabanan Regency. Following the success story of Bedugul “Beratan Lake” and “Ulun Danu Temple” and the botanical garden of Eka Karya Bali (picture 4.4), the village is surveyed and promoted as agrotourism in Bali.

Picture 4.4
Eka Karya Botanical Garden
Source: Research Observation

The Eka Karya Botanical Garden is one of the leading tourist attractions in Tabanan Regency contributes lots to the local communities and stimulates related businesses such as flower “krisan” shops, vegetable traditional market, fruit “strawberry”, and organic plantations (picture 4.5). The main attractions of Candi Kuning Village are organic farm and beautiful panorama of Beratan Lake and Botanical Garden of Eka Karya Bali. Currently, visitors are dominated by domestic tourists who spend their week-ends of holidays for relaxation.

Picture 4.5
Vegetables and Fruits Market at Candi Kuning Village
Source: Research Observation

4.2.3 Blimbingsari Village, Melaya District, Jembrana Regency
Blimbingsari is a small village of approximately 200 couple families, located in western part of Bali Province approximately 120 km from the Capital City of Denpasar. The village was formed and developed once the Dutch colonized Indonesia. It is predominantly populated by Christian Protestant communities. Albeit it becomes a Christian village, Blimbingsari still exists in Balinese culture and tradition practices (picture 4.6).

Picture 4.6
Balinese-style Church Building
Source: Research Observation

Predominantly, the populations work for agricultural sector. The cacao and coconut farms are the main products of Blimbingsari Village (Blimbingsari Village Head, 2007). The opportunity of Blimbingsari to become an agricultural attraction was motivated by “Suyaga Ayub”, a pastor of Blimbingsari church. Dominantly, tourists attracted by the unique traditions of Christian communities which are implemented by Balinese-style church and its story becomes one of the Christian villages in Bali.

Picture 4.7
Cacao and Coconut Farms
Source: Research Observation

The village is also nearby Palasari Village with Catholics populations, moreover it is both close to West Bali National Park which functions as ecotourism and conservation and Palasari water irrigation (DAM) which have been developed and promoted by the local government as tourist destination in Bali.

4.2.4 Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency
Pelaga is a small town in the middle part of Bali. It is surrounded by mountains and forests. The agrotourism at Pelaga is motivated by private entrepreneurs for the purpose of becoming motivators of farmers in Pelaga Village (Astawa, 2007).

Picture 4.8
Central of Pelaga Village
Source: Research observation

Agro Bagus Pelaga is one of the agrotourism objects developed by a Balinese entrepreneur named Sudibya. The main goal is to supply organic agricultural products like vegetables and fruits such as strawberry and tomato for hotel industries in Bali (picture 4.9). Currently, the tourists are attracted by beautiful panorama of mountain, rice fields, and organic farms as the main attractions (Local Community of Pelaga Village, 2007).

Picture 4.9
Strawberry Plantation at Pelaga Village
Source: Research Observation

4.3 Farmers’ Opinions toward Agrotourism Opportunities
The perceptions of farmers toward agrotourism is predominantly characterized by the ideas that tourism and tourists provide them opportunities to increase family income, employment in the village, generating tourism business, and increase value of the village.
Sixty farmers are chosen as respondents to agrotourism opportunities in their regions. The selected respondents are farmers who live and specifically work for agricultural sector in the case studies (15 farmers from Bayung Gede Village, 15 farmers from Candi Kuning Village, 15 farmers from Blimbingsari Village, and 15 farmers from Pelaga Village). The finding is shown in table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1
Farmers’ Opinions toward Agrotourism Opportunities
—————————————-
Case Study Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
Bayung Gede Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency
O3 Increasing family income 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
O2 Employment 73 4.87 Strongly agree 2
O1 Generating tourism business 71 4.73 Strongly agree 3
O4 Increasing value of the village 71 4.73 Strongly agree 3
—————————————-
Candi Kuning Village, Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency
O3 Increasing family income 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
O2 Employment 72 4.80 Strongly agree 2
O1 Generating tourism business 70 4.67 Strongly agree 3
O4 Increasing value of the village 70 4.67 Strongly agree 3
—————————————-
Blimbingsari Village, Melaya District, Jembrana Regency
O3 Increasing family income 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
O2 Employment 73 4.87 Strongly agree 2
O1 Generating tourism business 72 4.80 Strongly agree 3
O4 Increasing value of the village 72 4.80 Strongly agree 3
—————————————-
Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency
O2 Employment 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
O3 Increasing family income 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
O1 Generating tourism business 71 4.73 Strongly agree 3
O4 Increasing value of the village 71 4.73 Strongly agree 3
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007

The finding in each case study is clearly elaborated below:

1. Bayung Gede Village
An agrotourism gives opportunity to increase the family income is strongly agreed by farmers as the mean of 5.00 shown in table 4.1 and reaches the highest rank compare to other indicators. Involvements of local communities in agrotourism development come afterward which accounts for mean of 4.87. Meanwhile generating potential tourism business and increasing value of the village are the least mean among others.

2. Candi Kuning Village
Farmers’ perceptions upon agrotourism development at Candi Kuning Village are also similar to farmers in Bayung Gede. As shown in the table 4.1, potency of agrotourism in increasing family income becomes the first reason which reaches the highest rank and mean which accounts for 5.00, followed with generating work opportunities as the second rank with total mean of 4.80. The last two indicators, potency of running tourism business and increasing value of the village nominate the lowest mean of 4.67 which then bring them to the last rank.

3. Blimbingsari Village
According to farmers at Blimbingsari Village, agrotourism development is definitely enable to increase the family income as proven by the utmost mean of 5.00 described in table 4.1. Local employment chance appoints the second rank. The lowly means among the four indicators are generating tourism income and increasing value of the village which account for 4.80 each.

4. Pelaga Village
Two opportunities of agrotourism development, local employment prospect and family income increase are the most opinions conveyed by the farmers at Pelaga Village which pass them to the first rank with each mean of 5.00. Potency of developing related tourism business and value increase are the lowest mean which accumulates only 4.73.

5. Farmers’ perceptions toward agrotourism opportunities in the selected case studies
Table 4.2 which presents 60 respondents who definitely agree that agrotourism enables to increase the family income as it occupies the highest mean (5.00) and first rank in all case studies. Involvements of local employees in agrotourism development position on the second rank with mean of 4.88. Meanwhile, the means of generating related tourism businesses and increasing value of the village account for 4.73 each which occupy the third rank.

Table 4.2
General Perceptions of Farmers toward Agrotourism Opportunities in Four Case Studies
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
O3 Increasing family income 300 5.00 Strongly agree 1
O2 Employment 293 4.88 Strongly agree 2
O1 Generating tourism business 284 4.73 Strongly agree 3
O4 Increasing value of village 284 4.73 Strongly agree 3
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.
—————————————-

4.4 Barrier Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
Five indicators which become the mains barrier factors in developing agrotourism such as lack of infrastructures, public facilities, human skill, investment, and government support questioned to 60 farmers in the four selected case studies. The finding is show at table 4.3 below:

Table 4.3
The Barriers Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
Case Study Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
Bayung Gede Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency
—————————————-
B4 Lack of Infrastructures 69 4.60 Strongly agree 1
B5 Lack of public facilities 69 4.60 Strongly agree 1
B2 Lack of human skills 68 4.53 Strongly agree 3
B1 Lack of investment 66 4.40 Strongly agree 4
B3 Lack Government support 59 3.93 Agree 5
—————————————-
Candi Kuning Village, Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency
B4 Lack of Infrastructures 71 4.73 Strongly agree 1
B5 Lack of public facilities 70 4.67 Strongly agree 2
B2 Lack of human skills 64 4.27 Strongly agree 3
B1 Lack of investment 64 4.27 Strongly agree 4
B3 Lack of Government support 59 3.93 Agree 5
—————————————-
Blimbingsari Village, Melaya District, Jembrana Regency
B3 Lack of Government support 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
B2 Lack of human skills 71 4.73 Strongly agree 2
B1 Lack of investment 71 4.73 Strongly agree 3
B4 Lack of Infrastructures 71 4.73 Strongly agree 3
B5 Lack of public facilities 70 4.67 Strongly agree 5
—————————————-
Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency
B3 Lack of Government support 75 5.00 Strongly agree 1
B2 Lack of human skills 72 4.80 Strongly agree 2
B1 Lack of investment 72 4.80 Strongly agree 3
B4 Lack of Infrastructures 72 4.80 Strongly agree 3
B5 Lack of public facilities 70 4.67 Strongly agree 5
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

The finding is evidently detailed below.

1. Bayung Gede Village

Inadequate infrastructure and public facilities are considered to be the most barrier factors of agrotourism development at Bayung Gede Village with mean of 4.60 as stated by the respondents in table 4.3. The mean of human resource skill is just under the two important indictors above which accounts for 4.53. The respondents also extremely agree that lack of investment becomes the fourth barrier factor of agrotourism development. Government support actually plays role in developing agrotourism, however the respondents regard it as the least barrier factor compare to other indicators.

2. Candi Kuning Village

At Candi Kuning Village, infrastructure scarce is predominantly regarded as the most barrier factor to establish agrotourism with mean of 4.73, then followed with the limited public facilities which positions on the second rank. Imperfect skill owned by the local communities becomes the third obstacle and surely stumble them to involve more in agrotourism. It has the same mean of 4.27 as negligible local investment which places on the fourth rank. The farmers in addition agree that the agrotourism development in their village is lack of government support.

3. Blimbingsari Village

The opinions of farmers at Bayung Gede and Candi Kuning villages toward agrotourism development are contrary with farmers at Blimbingsari Village since government support observed as the utmost barrier factor. Meanwhile, the limited human resource skill is considered to be the second hindrance, and then followed with scarce investment and infrastructures with mean of 4.37 which convey them to the third rank. The restricted public facilities are the slightest barrier factor of agrotourism development at Blimbingsari Village.

4. Pelaga Village

A similar opinion stated by the farmers at Blimbingsari Village where government support becomes the most problem and occupies the first rank compare to other four indicators. Inadequate human resource skill, scarce investment and lack of infrastructures have the same mean (4.80) which appoint the second and third ranks in sequence. In the meantime, public facilities assign the least barrier factor as shown by the mean of 4.67 described in table 4.3.

5. Barrier factors agrotourism development in Bali

According to the sixty selected respondents taken from the four case studies, whereas inadequate infrastructures are assumed as the most barrier factors in developing agrotourism in Bali compare to other four indicators. This fact can be evidently seen from the mean (4.72) presented in table 4.4. The means of limited public facilities and human resource skills are just seven points under infrastructure factor which account for 4.65. Investment scarce (mean of 4.55) and lacking government support (mean of 4.47) resemble the forth and fifth barrier factors of agrotourism development in Bali.

Table 4.4
The Barrier Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
B4 Lack of Infrastructures 283 4.72 Strongly agree 1
B5 Lack of public facilities 279 4.65 Strongly agree 2
B2 Lack of human skills 279 4.65 Strongly agree 2
B1 Lack of investment 273 4.55 Strongly agree 4
B3 Lack of government support 268 4.47 Strongly agree 5
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

4.5 Stakeholders’ Opinions toward Agrotourism Development in Bali.
Using SWOT Analysis, this paper attracts research finding by strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and treats factors in each case study before formulating the best strategy to develop agrotourism in Bali. The data collected through interview involving 35 respondents which comprise stakeholders from four local governments of Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages; and representative respondents from NGOs, universities, and hotelier (see appendix). The research finding can be described as below:

1. Strengths
The strengths of agrotourism development in Bali predominantly are resourced by ecological, social, and cultural resources. The surveyed strength factors used as indicators consist of lakes, rice fields, plantations, forests, rivers, existing farmers, unique traditions, agricultural organizations, events, agricultural ceremonies, organization linkages, human resources, agricultural regulations, information systems, and heritages (table 4.5).

In general, the respondents who represent agrotourism stakeholders predominantly agree that ecological, and social and cultural resources are the strengths factors agrotourism development in Bali. More specifically, the stakeholders strongly agree that ecological resource particularly lakes, and social and cultural resources especially existing of farmers and unique traditions as the most strengths factors as means shown in table 4.5.

Table 4.5
The Strengths Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
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Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
Ecological Resources
S5 Lakes 140 4.00 Strongly agree 1
S1 Rice Fields 138 3.94 Agree 2
S2 Plantations 132 3.77 Agree 3
S3 Forests 128 3.66 Agree 4
S4 Rivers 119 3.40 Neutral 5
—————————————-
Social and Cultural Resources
S12 Farmers 160 4.57 Strongly agree 1
S11 Unique traditions 150 4.29 Strongly agree 2
S14 Agricultural organizations 145 4.14 Agree 3
S10 Events 137 3.91 Agree 4
S13 Agricultural ceremonies 136 3.89 Agree 5
S6 Organization linkages 135 3.86 Agree 6
S8 Human resources 133 3.80 Agree 7
S15 Agriculture regulations 130 3.71 Agree 8
S7 Information systems 127 3.63 Agree 9
S9 Heritages 124 3.54 Agree 10
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

2. Weaknesses

Although the stakeholders agree that Bali has lots of strength factors to develop agrotourism, however the weaknesses factors also should be considered. The weakness factors comprise; lack of government support, lack of investment, lack of infrastructures, lack of human skills, and lack of public facilities as described in table 4.6.

Table 4.6
The Weakness Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
B3 Lack of government support 136 3.89 Agree 1
B1 Lack of investment 132 3.77 Agree 2
B4 Lack of Infrastructures 127 3.63 Agree 3
B2 Lack of human skills 124 3.54 Agree 4
B5 Lack of public facilities 100 2.86 Neutral 5
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.
—————————————-

According to the stakeholders selected as respondents whereas the most weakness factor contributed to agrotorism development in Bali is lack of government support which its mean accounts for 3.89. Besides, lacks of investment and infrastructures as well as limited human skills are still regarded as the weaknesses factors. Yet public facilities are not supposed to be the weakness factors since its mean only reaches 2.86 and position on the last rank.

3. Opportunities

The stakeholders predominantly agree that the agrotourism development in Bali generates certain opportunities such as; creating local employment, increasing family income, increasing value of the village. In particular, generating related tourism business opportunities become the primary and most reasons (mean of 4.46) proposed by the respondents as presented in table 4.7.

Table 4.7
The Opportunities Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
O1 Generating tourism business 156 4.46 Strongly agree 1
O2 Employment 142 4.06 Agree 2
O3 Increasing family income 138 3.94 Agree 3
O4 Increasing value of village 127 3.63 Agree 4
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

4. Threats

Basically threats toward agrotourism development are classified into two namely ecological threats which comprise degradation of natural resources, lands using problems, and pollutions; and social and cultural threats which comprise changing of hosts’ attitudes, increasing criminalities, and commercialization of traditions.

The agrotourism stakeholders in Bali strongly agree that degradation of natural resources the most dangerous threat of any tourism developments including agrotourism in particular. It is clearly described by the mean of 4.51 shown in table 4.8. Land using problems are supposed to be the second most risky hazard which potential to destroy the existence and development of agrotourism in Bali. Meanwhile the last four indicators pollutions, changing of hosts’ attitudes, increasing criminalities, commercialization of tradition are consider to be the threats factors, yet they are not as significant as the two exposure factors as degradation of natural resource and land using problem.

Table 4.8
The Threats Factors of Agrotourism Development in Bali
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
Ecological Resources
T3 Degradation natural resources 158 4.51 Strongly agree 1
T1 Lands using problems 155 4.43 Strongly agree 2
T2 Pollutions 146 4.17 Agree 3

Social and Cultural Resources
T5 Changing of host attitudes 144 4.11 Agree 1
T6 Increasing criminalities 136 3.89 Agree 2
T4 Commercialization of traditions 131 3.74 Agree 3
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

5. Contributions of agrotourism toward economy improvement of the local communities
Agrotourism contributes lots to the improvement of economy lives of the local communities. The contributions are in the forms of agricultural products sales, various of hand-made souvenirs or handicrafts sold for the tourists, chances to establish food stalls or restaurants and certain types of accommodation such as home-stay, bungalow, villa, and hotel, as well as village development. With respect to economy improvement, the stakeholders predominantly agree that increasing agricultural products are the most contribution generated from agrotourism development with mean of 3.97 as presented in table 4.9.

Table 4.9
The Contributions of Agrotourism toward Economy Improvement
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
CeL1 Increasing agriculture products 139 3.97 Agree 1
CeL2 Increasing handicrafts/souvenirs 135 3.86 Agree 2
CeL4 Increasing village restaurants 131 3.74 Agree 3
CeL3 Increasing village hotels/villas 129 3.69 Agree 4
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

6. Contributions of agrotourism toward improvement of social situation
There are three indicators which empower the potency of agrotourism development such as poverty alleviation, decreasing the number of unemployment, and declining the urban. The stakeholders mostly agree that the agrotourism enables to alleviate poverties and decrease the unemployment since it provides work opportunities which can help to improve the quality of the villagers’ lives. These two contributions are considered to be the most essential contributions of agrotourism development in Bali as illustrated in table 4.10 below.

Table 4.10
The Contributions of Agrotourism toward Improvement of Social Situation
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
Csc1 Minimizing of poorness 132 3.77 Agree 1
Csc3 Decreasing unemployed 132 3.77 Agree 1
Csc2 Decreasing urbanizations 128 3.66 Agree 3
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

7. Contributions of agrotourism toward sustainable tourism development

Agrotourism development is highly expected to play role in applying sustainable tourism development in Bali. Stakeholders predominantly agree that the agrotourism development contributes toward nature conservation as one of the important goals of sustainable tourism (sustaining nature, social life, and culture, as well as generating income for the local societies) as describes in table 4.11.

Table 4.11
The Contributions of Agrotourism toward Sustainable Tourism Development
—————————————-
Code Indicators Total Score Mean Remark Rank
—————————————-
Cst3 Natural conservation 155 4.43 Strongly agree 1
Cst2 Increasing tourists/visitors arrivals 147 4.20 Strongly agree 2
Cst1 Continuity of business at villages 140 4.00 Agree 3
—————————————-
Source: Research Primary Data, 2007.

Nowadays, tourists are more interested in visiting tourism destinations which serve natural attractions since their lives and educations improving day by day which encourage them to pay more attention nature and increase their awareness on the importance of saving the nature. This newly paradigm is expected to increase the number of tourists visiting Bali. The stakeholders also agree that agrotourism facilitates the local communities to run certain kinds of related tourism businesses in their villages.

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22/06/2009 22:49

Methodology

This chapter deals with conceptual framework, research design, instruments used in collecting data, sampling technique, justification of selected method, analysis techniques, and limitations of the research.

3.1 The Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 The Conceptual Framework

Descriptions of the Conceptual Framework

• Tourism sector has been developed by interactions and interconnections among linkage sectors. In the context of tourism destination as a product, it follows product lifecycle. It interacts between demand and supply dynamically. Innovations and creativities should be done to sustain the tourism development in Bali.

• The demand and supply should be identified and known by those who intend to develop tourism as well as agrotourism. The opportunity of agrotourism can be predicted by demand and supply. The demand is needed to identify the chances of agrotourism as tourism product from the consumer side and the supply is an important thing to identify of opportunities to develop agrotourism especially to host communities, providers, and government as policy maker.

• This study will assemble the opportunities and chances of agrotourism in Bali as an alternative form of tourism. Information and opinions of stakeholders (farmers, government, tourism industries, NGOs, Universities, and visitors), will be analysed and formulated using SWOT analysis. Finally, the finding of this study will be used as a recommendation and strategy to develop agrotourism in Bali.

3.2 Research Design

Cooper and Schinder (1998) define research design as a plan of selecting sources and types of information used to answer the research questions. It specifies the relationships among the studied variables and outlines each procedure from the hypothesis to the data analysis. It deals with issues as techniques for data collection, sampling technique as well as time and cost constrains.

3.3 Case Study Design

Veal (1997) characterizes a case study as a research that involves a study of a phenomenon being exemplified and researched which is aimed at understanding the phenomenon clearly by examining an exacting example. The case study of this research will be focused in Bali Province since it is presently used as the icon of tourism in Indonesia. According to Pujaastawa, et al (2005), Bali has villages which have been developed in rural tourism form. The villages are collected as case studies of agrotourism in Bali, they are:

a) Bayung Gede Village, Kintamani District in Bangli Regency is promoted as rural tourism especially for orange agrotourism and unique tradition.

b) Candi Kuning Village, Baturiti District in Tabanan Regency is promoted as an agrotourism especially for strawberry and vegetables farms collaborated with beautiful panorama.

c) Blimbingsari Village, Melaya District in Jembrana Regency is promoted as rural tourism especially for coconut and cacao farms.
d) Pelaga Village, Petang District in Badung Regency is promoted as Pelaga Agrotourism particularly for vegetables and organic farming for hotels’ supplies in Bali.

3.4 Qualitative Research Approach

This research uses qualitative approach which involves some library researches and observation. Qualitative method according to Veal (1997), refers to the methods and techniques which describe and emphasize more on qualitative rather that quantitative information. This research is designed using qualitative descriptive research methods.

1. The data used to answer the problem statement and research questions are collected through:

a) Direct observation, by observing agriculture areas in Bali particularly the areas which used as case studies such as; Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages.

b) Structured interview (questioner and open questions), by having direct interactions with the agrotourism stakeholders in Bali. They are government, tourism industries, local communities, tourists or visitors, universities, and Non Governmental Organizations.

c) The interviewees or respondents determined through purposive sampling technique.
The number of respondents and techniques used definitely described below.

1) The respondents from farmers or local communities determined through purposive sampling which comprise fifteen (15) local farmers or communities from each case study (Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages).

2) The respondents from universities as expertise determined through purposive sampling which comprise 5 lecturers from Agricultural Department of Udayana University, 1 lecturer from Tourism Studies of School of Graduate Studies of Udayana University, and 2 lecturers from Tourism College of Dhyana Pura.

3) The respondents from NGOs determined through purposive sampling which comprise respondents from Maha Boga Marga Foundation (4 respondents) which concerns on rural society development and Dian Buana Lestari Faundation (2 respondents) which concerns on ecotourism development.

4) The respondents from governments determined through purposive sampling which comprise local governments of Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages of 5, 5, 5, 3 respondents in order.

5) The respondents from tourism indusrties, which comprise one respondent from Dyana Pura Hotel and Resort.

2. Combinations of Qualitative and Quantitative Data

According to Trochim (2006), qualitative data is extremely varied in nature. It includes virtually any non numerical information captured during the research. This research uses two kinds of collecting data techniques, namely:

• Structured Interviews
Individual interviews are conducted to collect data and information about external and internal factors relate to agrotourism developments in Bali.

• Questioners
The questioners are designed on Likert-scale interval to collect the stakeholders’ opinions on agrotourism developments in Bali.

• Direct Observation
According to Trochim (2006), direct observation is a technique of collecting data which taken from research field where one lives in another context or culture for a period of time to photographs that illustrate some aspects of the phenomenon. The data can be recorded in many of the same ways as interviews (stenography, audio, and video) and through pictures, photos or drawings (e.g., those courtroom drawings of witnesses are a form of direct observation). In this case, the collected date relate to resources of agrotourism in Bali.

3. The analysis

This study uses SWOT survey and combined with qualitative and quantitative data which analysed and focused on the following key areas: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The collected data are descriptively analysed using software Microsoft Excel 2003 and SPSS 12 to determine the means, scores, and ranks of the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses), and to determine the external factors (threats and opportunities) of agrotourism as an alternative form of tourism development in Bali. While the data from direct observation used as primary data to compare opinions and factual described into check list tables, chart, photos, and pictures.

3.5 Factors and Variables

The variables are quoted from literature reviews to answer the research questions, detailed as follow:

1. Variables relate to the current situations of tourism and agriculture in Bali are measured by ecological, social, and cultural resources both tourism and agriculture sectors (Pujaastawa et al, 2005).

2. Variables relate to the opportunities of developing agrotourism obtained from the farmers’ opinions comprise; generating income and jobs, multiplier effect for local farmers, stimulating developments, increasing economic activities, increasing value of village, and opportunities for other developments (Lobo et al, 1999).

3. Variables relate to the barriers of developing agrotourism from the farmers’ opinions comprise; investment in the villages, human resources relate to agrotourism, local governments support, infrastructures and facilities, ecological resources, and social and cultural resources (Lobo et al, 1999).

4. Variables relate to the tourism stakeholder’s opinions of agro tourism development in Bali from many perspectives such as government, tourism industries, NGOs, Universities, and local communities comprise: ecological resources for agrotourism comprise rice fields, plantations, forestry, mountains, lakes, rivers, and etcetera; and social and cultural resources for agrotourism comprise local cultures, traditions, religion, and etcetera (Pujaastawa et al, 2005). Meanwhile, information from visitors comprises; education trips, improvement on health and freshness, relaxation, adventure, natural food or organic food, unique experiences, and cheap tourism (Rilla, 1999).

5. Variables relate to the contributions of agrotourism toward economy improvement of local communities comprise; village accommodations, village restaurants, and souvenir shops (Spillane, 1994).

6. Variables relate to the contributions of agrotourism toward improvement of the social situation of local communities comprise; attractions or events, public facilities, accessibilities, organisation linkages, and host attitudes (Spillane, 1994).

7. Variables relate to the contributions of agrotourism for sustainable tourism development comprise: initiative of local societies to be controllers and conservers of agrotourism; involving local labour and improving quality of life of local society; national, regional and host regulations for agrotourism; guidance regarding operation, evaluation, analysis and critical tourism impacts; education and training programs (Jamieson and Noble, 2000).

The findings of this research are descriptively and qualitatively described per opportunity, threat, strength, and weakness. Moreover, to determine which strategy will be recommended, uses the options described below.

• SO Strategies: Use the strengths to take advantages of the opportunities
• WO Strategies: Overcome the weaknesses by taking advantages of the opportunities
• ST Strategies: Use the strengths to avoid threats
• WT Strategies: Minimize the weaknesses and avoid threats

4. Procedures

Each instrument (questioners, photos, and documents) will be assigned identification numbers or coding. Before the interview conducted, each selected interviewee will be asked by phone especially government, NGOs, and universities to know their willingness as an interviewee and make appointment when and where the interview will be conducted.

5. Time Planning

In order to give guidelines, knowing the progress in conducting this research and to be able to finish by the end of August 2007, the time planning will be as follows:

1. November 2006, begin the research proposal
2. January- June 2007, develop the literature reviews
3. June-July 2007, develop, conduct interview and collect data
4. July- August 2007, data process and analyse the result of data processing and Interpretation and conclusion, complete the research report
5. August 2007, study and consoling perfectly of dissertation.
6. September 2007, Summit to exam committee.

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22/06/2009 04:38

Literature Reviews of Agrotourism

CHAPTER 2
Literature Reviews

Links to Journal Agrotourism

This paper will describe some reviews related with tourism, agriculture, and agrotourism itself.

2.1 Tourism as an Interdisciplinary

According to Jafari and Ritchie (1981), tourism is an interdisciplinary and integrates a variety of subjects, disciplines and focuses and can be seen from numerous points of views and approaches. The tourism as a central study can be studied from many focuses and created into a new form tourism development model as pictured at Chart 1. However tourism development model can be made in varying forms such as focus on agriculture as agrotourism, ecology as ecotourism, culture as cultural tourism, religion as religious tourism, etcetera.

Figure 1 Resource: McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) modified.

Furthermore, Wall and Mathieson (1989) quoted by Tjokrowinoto (2002), identifies three elements of tourism system; (1) a dynamic element which involves travel to selected destination; (2) a static element which involves the stay in the destination; and (3) a consequential element resulted from the two preceding elements which is concerned with effects on the economic, physical and social subsystems.
Some external variables such as rising earnings, mobility increase, level of education increase, and desire to escape from pressure of day-to-day urban living generate effective demands on tourism which stimulate the rise of various forms of tourisms such as recreational tourism, cultural tourism, health tourism, conference tourism, historical tourism, eco tourism, etcetera.

2.2 Sustainable Tourism Development
Becken (2004) identifies several factors affected tourist destination sustainability in New Zealand such as sensitivity and capacity of environment, accessibility and supporting tourist infrastructure, existence of a cluster of attractions, and community attitude, support and participation in tourism development.
A similar research conducted by Syamsu, et al (2001) which took a case study in agrotourism object which grow salak pondoh located in Sleman, Yogyakarta- Indonesia identified many factors related to sustainability of the destination such as scarcity, uniqueness, nature, improving host community, as well as equality between stakeholders. Furthermore, these factors turn into more important things to apply the tourism destination sustainability.

According to WTO (1999), sustainability as a concept involves a number of perspectives comprise environmental, ecological, social, cultural, and economic issues. Furthermore, according to UNEP (2002) to apply the sustainable tourism development, the strategies should be based on a formal expression of principles for sustainable tourism. Moreover, the guidelines, techniques and principles are presented important for national governments, destinations and organizations which wish to be guided by the ethics of sustainable and responsible tourism. The guidelines and principles include: community participation, stakeholder involvement, local ownership, establishment of local business linkages, sustainability of the resource base, community goals, cooperation between local attractions, businesses and tourism operators, carrying capacity, monitoring and evaluating, accountability, establishment of education and training programmes, and positioning.

2.3 Rural Tourism

Rural tourism is a complex multi-faceted activities as Lane (1994) explains which quoted by Page and Getz (1997), it is not only farm-based tourism but also comprises special interest nature holiday and ecotourism, walking, climbing and riding holidays, adventure, sport and health tourism, hunting and angling, educational tourism, art and heritage tourism, and in some areas, ethnic tourism.
In addition, Page and Getz (1997) explain that rural tourism should be based on rural areas, small scale enterprise, open space, contact with nature, traditional, long-term good of the area development, and representing the complex pattern of rural environment, economy, history and location.

While, UNDP (2005) interprets that rural tourism is any form of tourism that showcases the rural life, art, culture and heritage in a rural location, thereby benefiting the local community economically and socially as well as enabling interaction between the tourists and the locals for a more educational tourism experience which can be termed as rural tourism with essentially any activity which takes place in the countryside.

Nevertheless the future perspective of recreation and tourism in rural areas really depend on the successful integration among the traditional and the new forms of leisure and the traditional and new forms of other economic activities in these areas. The stakeholders involvements are highly required to assure the recreation and tourism in rural areas are sustainable and meet the future directions of tourism development.

2.4 Agriculture and Rural Areas in Indonesia

According to Indonesian Agriculture Department (2002), about 55% or 125 million Indonesian people occupies in agriculture and 45% in other sectors. Therefore the agriculture sector is still considered as a vital sector which involves a great number of workers and the majority of Indonesian citizens are living in rural areas, and most of their incomes are generated from agricultural activities.
At present, Indonesia is utilizing about 64 million ha land for agriculture and home gardens, i.e. 8.3 million ha for lowland rice, 30 million ha for annual upland farming and grassland, and 25.5 million ha for perennial crops. About 8.5 ha land is covered by grassland. Area for plantation, especially for oil palm expands rapidly in response to the increasing demand of international and domestic markets (Mulyani et al., 2003).
Since 1970s, the agricultural policies in Indonesia have been merely concerned on production-based policies which specifically designed to meet food self-sufficiency. This goal was reached in 1984, when the first time, domestic rice production exceeded domestic rice consumption (Barbier, 1989). The agriculture sector in Indonesia consists of food crops as mentioned as rice, estate crops, livestock, fishing, and forestry. Except for rice, agricultural commodities have been addressed for export interests and developed to be the second sector besides oil and liquefied natural gas as earning contributors of Indonesian economy.

2.5 Potency of Agrotourism in Indonesia

Dalem (1999) describes that Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, consisting of more than 17 000 islands. Indonesia is located around the Equator between Asia and the Australian continent, and between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Biogeographically, the western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Bali) has Asian characteristics, while the eastern part, Maluku and Irian Jaya (Papua), has Australian characteristics. Unlike Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara have separate characteristics. In addition, the diversities of ecosystems reflect the diversities of flora and fauna in the country.

Furthermore, Indonesia is the second-most biodiversity country after Brazil mentioned by Primack et al. (1998) and the diversity of flora, fauna and their ecosystems, as well as the diversity of culture, are very potential to be developed as ecotourism and agrotourism destinations.

Schurink (2000) states that the development of agricultural tourism in Indonesia very potential because agriculture sector and government have positive perception toward tourist and tourism furthermore Indonesia has other resources included the agricultural tourism such as rivers, mountains, and natural environment. In relation to agricultural tourism implementation in Indonesia, stakeholders should be surely harmonised on perceptions and policies. Furthermore Schurink initiates that the government as well as universities play essential roles in the development of rural areas and agrotourism. NGOs hardly ever have influence on government policies for tourism. His finding suggests that the development of agrotourism in Indonesia shall be organized according to the alternative tourism development theories and the sectors involved in the development should be very watchful in order to sustain the objects and not to lose their authenticities.

2.6 Agrotourism

This chapter, explains specific agrotourism terms which refer to definitions, philosophy, and related agrotourism case studies.
2.6.1 Definition of Agrotourism

Agrotourism is collaborations between tourism and agriculture because the visitor go to travelling as tourist to enjoy, relaxation, spend time and money for enjoyable and happiness in addition to visiting agricultural area, doing activities related agricultural such as harvest, planting, fishing, etc (https://www.farmstop.com)
Reynolds (2005) mentions that agrotourism is businesses conducted by farmers whose working agricultural operations for the enjoyment and education of visitors. In extensions meaning, agrotourism presents the potential generating farm revenues and increasing profitability. Additionally, visitors of agrotourism contact directly with farmers and support the increase of agriculture products indirectly.
Furthermore, according to WTO (2002), that agrotourism is part of rural tourism and relates to tourism on farms. It gives farmers options to expand their activities and receive more income. Agrotourism is a small part of rural tourism and agricultural practice worldwide, excluding in some European countries such as Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland, the number of farms that offer some form of tourism is remarkably large. In some areas and countries, agrotourism forms a large part of rural tourism as a whole.

This study refers the definition of agrotourism from WTO as special interest tourism which is developed as an alternative tourism development form in Bali.

2.6.2 History and Trends of Agrotourism

Formerly agrotourism was recognized as a part of ecotourism because both have similar principles to conduct nature attractions (Rilla 1999). In this case, the history of ecotourism can also be seen as history of agrotourism. Agrotourism started from rural tourism as well. In addition, both have been identified as the fastest tourism development model in the world, and get very serious responses. They have been widely developed in developing countries as a potential development models as natural resources and support of local society economically (OTA, 1992).

At the moment, agrotourism has successfully developed in many countries, for instance Switzerland, New Zeeland, France, Netherlands, Australia, and Austria (Rilla 1999). In Indonesia, there are eight provinces trying to develop agrotourism such as North Sumatra with rubber and palm plantations, Riau with cacao plantations, West Java by botanical gardens, Central Java and Daerah Istimewa Yogjakarta by salak pondoh agrotourism in Sleman, East Java by sugar plantations, Nusa Tenggara Barat by Rinjani ecotourism, Middle of Kalimantan and West of Kalimantan by palm plantations. Commonly they are still simply managed with limited facilities and are not developed on community-based model, and have not been well promoted (Indonesian Agriculture Department, 2005).

In addition, agrotourism attraction previously, interpreted as panorama attractions and plantations area, but the new notion of agrotourism has been interpreted as a linkage system between tourism and agriculture sectors as well as a model of region development (Indonesia Agriculture Department, 2005).

2.6.3 Philosophy of Agrotourism

The philosophy of agrotourism is inspired to improve the farmers’ earnings and the quality of rural society lives which then expectedly represents opportunity to educate the societies on agriculture and ecosystems.
Related and similar opinions described by Lobo, et al (1999), whereas the development of agrotourisms will offer opportunities for local farmers to increase their earnings and improve their lives as well as sustain their operations. The opinions can be detailed as such: (1) it educates people or society about agriculture and contribute to local economic, (2) it decrease the flood of urbanization as people are able to get jobs and earnings from agrotourism, (3) it promotes local products, and regional in marketing effort and create value added and direct-marketing and stimulate economic activity as well as give benefit to society where agrotourism developed.

Rilla (1999) describes more clearly the reasons of developing agrotourism as such; (1) it educates for the purpose of keeping the relationship among local societies, interest sectors, and visitors. (2) it improves the health and freshness of visitors, (3) relaxation, (4) adventure, (5) natural food or food organic, (6) unique experiences, (7) cheap tourism.

2.6.4 Contributions of Agrotourism to Tourism

At the moment, the information of agrotourism contributions in many destinations is still limited since agrotourism is a newly tourism development model. Though, Afandhi (2005), asserts that the main purpose of agrotourism development is an innovated tourism attractions. Besides, it also has a number of purposes such as media promotion of agriculture products, increasing foreign exchange and farmers’ earnings.
In tourism product concept, agrotourism as a tourism attraction may not be separately measured as the total of tourism product is actually the interaction and interconnection among transportation sectors, accommodations, and food and beverage sectors, etc.

2.6.5 Factors Relate to Agrotourism Development

The Indonesian Agriculture Department (2005), identifies there are some aspects relating to agrotourism development which should be well concerned such as human resources, natural resources, promotion, infrastructure, and also organisations linkages.

Spillane (1994), mentions whereas areas developed area as agrotourism should be able to provide five elements such as attraction, facilities, infrastructure, transportation, and hospitality. They relate and work systematically and holistically in an agrotourism system.

A similar assumption, Postma (2006) states there are three stakeholders which should be harmonized to create a successful agrotourism destination, such as; tourists as consumers, providers as business owners, and host communities.

2.6.6 Impacts of Agrotourism

Almost all models of tourism developments have dilemmas both positive and negative impacts. Developments of agrotourism in many destinations in Indonesia have been positively seen as opportunities for the local communities to undergo diversification and investment, as well as increasing awareness and responsiveness on environmental conservation (Indonesian Agriculture Department, 2005).

Rural tourism or agrotourism generates a significant contribution to the rural development process in rural areas and does indeed do so in many cases (Hall et al. 2003). The contributions could be in the forms of income increase and job opportunities, exchange between rural and urban areas, multiplier effects particularly for small-scale direct investments, strengthening local or regional structures by creating networks and the like, stimulating physical infrastructure developments, increasing the diversity of economic activities, raising awareness of the value of an area, such as its landscape, nature and culture, and the economic potencies, as well as improving the infrastructure which enable to provide opportunities for other economic developments.

The negative impacts of agrotourism development will occur when the development ignores the development principles and ethics. The potential negative impacts which may occur such as degradation of environment and local culture qualities, and economics gaps among the regions (Sutjipta, 2001).

2.6.7 Prospect and Trend of Agrotourism in the World.

Many tourism policy makers have notified that tourism is a prospective business. WTO (2004) forecasts that international tourist arrivals around the world will increase year to year and in the year 2010 will reach one billion and 2020 will increase and achieve 1,6 billion people.

Nugroho (1997) mentions that the tourist motivations to travel visiting particular destinations have changed a lot since now the tourists are more preferably interested in unique or specific things, novelty, more challenging and enthused activities, and the most important is to experience the quality of tourism products and services.
Moreover, rural tourism is now a trend in Europe, and it grows gradually. Worldwide, the increase of rural tourism is three times more than tourism in general as the World Tourism Organization (WTO) estimates an annual growth of approximately 6% as against 2% for tourism in general. From this tendency, it can be interpreted that the market for rural tourism has increased sharply. Additionally according to the experts, the maturation of people leads to an increasing demand for nature and culture-related activities. Moreover, the growth of demand on tourism has now become an increasingly important alternative source of incomes for farmers and other rural inhabitants (WTO 2000, 2002, European Commission, 2001, 2003).

According to Veer and Tuunter (2005), the tourism product is often highly complex since it often involves chains of activities and facilities, and aesthetics. The tourism product usually exceeds the business level. Each part of the chain constitutes an aspect of the total product. The strength of the connections between the different aspects may vary, however. The various components of the rural tourism products are shown in the following figure.

Figure 2 source: (Richards, 1996), modified by Veer and Tuunter (2005)

Figure 2 illustrates, that the rural tourism in its run involves other sectors such as accommodation, activities, attractions, events, transports and amenities, and other services. These sectors are very potential for the local people particularly farmers to earn extra money. They are able to offer more guided tours in their farm, nature areas, mountains, and other interesting objects and attractions available in their regions.

In many places, agrotourism grows rapidly since tourists presently intend to experience activities which completely different from their daily lives and places which have been visited previously. Normally people travel to certain destinations to escape from the stress of traffic jams, cellular phones, office cubicles and carpooling. More particular, parents who love their children much really want their children to know and understand where food, drink or milk actually comes from. Nowadays, the idea of the family to take a pleasant drive to the country sides to spend the day together with their family is extremely appealing for the purposes of visiting farms, ranches or wineries to buy products, enjoying entertainment, participating in farming activities, and having meals or spending the night (https://www.farmstop.com).

2.6.8 Prospects of Agrotourism in Indonesia and Bali

Agriculture sector plays an important role and represents dominant and leading sector of economics of Indonesia. A number of improvements on agriculture have been intensively and continuously improved by interest parties such as government especially Department of Agriculture to revise polices relate to agriculture and intensify speech on agriculture to farmers, academician to discover new method of land cultivation and superior seed to harvest faster, and farmers to improve the quality of agriculture productions. These improvements have stimulated and created new opportunities to develop agrotourism. Besides, Indonesia also has beautiful panorama, nature resources, rural regions, and population which dominantly farmers (Indonesia Agricultural Department, 2005).

According to Sudibya (2002), a number of regencies in Bali are very potential to be developed agrotourism destinations, for instance;

a) Bangli Regency is potential to be developed as orange and lemon agrotourism which can be combined with the two nearest tourism objects such as Batur Mount and Batur Lake.
b) Buleleng Regency, particularly Pancasari Village is potential to be developed as strawberry, vegetables, and flowers agrotourism.
c) Tabanan Regency can be intensified to develop a park named Eka Karya Botanical Garden and horticultural which can be combined with rice field view in Baturiti, Bedugul.
d) Karangasem Regency, exactly in Sibetan Village is potential to develop salak (light brown snake skin fruit) agrotourism combined with panorama and surrounding natural environment.

2.6.9 Agrotourism and Philosophy of Hindu

The philosophy of Hindu called Tri Hita Karana, which mainly consists of three principles of harmonic relationship among human and being, humans and the environment, and humans and God has been used as a fundamental concept in all developments in Bali. Agrotourism is identified and considered to relate and be relevant with this philosophy, represent one of the traditional values and cultures to pay attention on environment sustainability (Pujaastawa, 2006). Additionally, Pujaastawa (2006) lists three fundamentals of Tri Hita Karana concept namely; parahyangan (spiritual environment), pawongan (social environment), and palemahan (nature environment).

As agrotourism has been identified as a tourism development model which is based on the principles of sustainable development, therefore agrotourism is prospective to be developed in Bali Island for the purpose of improving motivations of working by spirit “parahyangan”, increasing local earnings “pawongan”, and conserving the nature “palemahan”.

2.6.10 Quality and Sustainability of Agrotourism

The new tourism paradigm, the modern tourists prefer visiting environmental-based tourism destinations, self-supporting and experienced which aimed at looking for flexible vacations, special enthusiasm in several of natural attraction and experiences. According to Eadington and Smith (1995), agrotourism is the best alternative to be applied as it has all of qualifications mentioned above.
Jamieson and Noble (2000) elaborate whereas there are five important principles which shall be applied to achieve sustainable tourism and agrotourism in particular, such as:

1. Tourism has to initiate and involve the local societies to be controller and conserver of tourism;
2. Tourism has to provide labour opportunity and improve the quality of local societies’ lives;
3. Tourism has to be regulated by national and regional governments as well as host communities which formulated into an international agreement standard;
4. Tourism has to provide guidance concerning operation, evaluation, analysis and critical of tourism impacts;
5. Tourism has to educate the local societies through education and training programs to increase their awareness on tourism development which finally assist to preserve the cultural heritages and existing natural resources.

2.7 The Roles of Tourism Stakeholders

The stakeholders of tourism development consist of six groups namely government, tourism industries, local communities, tourists or visitors, universities, and NGOs. They play roles differently and shall work simultaneously in applying the principles of sustainable tourism development. The descriptions of their roles are elaborated as below.

• Government comprises central government represented and specifically ruled by Culture and Tourism Department, tourism authority, regional governments. The roles of government as stakeholders are to provide policies and site plan and other planning documents, and functioned as regulator.

• Tourism industries comprise hoteliers, restaurant owners, travel agents, and other related tourism entrepreneurs. Tourism industries play role in providing investments on main and supporting tourism facilities, small-scale infrastructures, and other tourists’ demands.

• Local communities comprise Desa Adat (customary village legal body), farmers who own the land, and other societies residing in the area where tourism developed.

• Tourists or visitors comprise domestic and foreign tourists who intend to experience a high quality of tourism activities and attractions.

• Universities comprise Agriculture Department, Tourism Department, and Tourism Higher Schools which provide qualified human resources, research results on agriculture and tourism by issuing scientific recommendations to form new and alternative tourism development models.

• NGOs comprise Non Government Organizations which specifically concern on agriculture, rural area, and tourism function as independent controllers.

Postma (2006) states more specifically that tourism destinations should convey benefits and other forms of values to all tourism stakeholders. Government shall receive gains in the form of state and regional revenues, local residents enable to improve the quality of their lives, tourists may experience a qualified tourism attraction as expected, tourism industries generate profits to expand their industries and grant prosperities to their employees, and NGOs are expected to obtain donations from other stakeholders to survive their organizations in order to be able to play their roles smoothly.

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22/06/2009 04:36

Agrotourism as an Alternative Form of Tourism in Bali

CHAPTER 1
Agrotourism as an Alternative Form of Tourism in Bali
(Case Studies: Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages)

Links to Journal Agrotourism

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

Before the 1998 economic crisis, Indonesia belonged to a new Asian Tiger simultaneously with Malaysia and Thailand and was a model to other developing countries for the achievements on rapid and sustainable economic growth and rapid structural change (Tambunan, 2006).

The Indonesian economy has undergone a massive structural transformation from an economy where the agriculture sector plays a dominant role in the country. Presently, approximately 45% of the total Indonesian workers are engaged on agriculture, which accounted for 17% of GDP in 2001. Some 31 million ha (76.6 million acres) are under cultivation, with 35% to 40% of the cultivated land devoted to the production of export crops. Some 60% of the country’s cultivated land is located in Java (Indonesian Agriculture Department, 2002).

The agriculture sector includes food crops, horticulture, plantation, forestry, fishery, and animal husbandry. Since of various factors such as housing development, industries development, etc, the contribution of agriculture sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) becomes much less important replaced by secondary and tertiary sectors such as manufacturing industry as a new leading sector, for instance, West Java was leaded by manufacture industries, Bali by tourism sector, and Jakarta by retailing industries.

As the population increases rapidly, the government seeks to achieve food self-sufficiency through expansion of arable acreage and improve the farming techniques especially the use of fertilizers and seeds, and extension of irrigation facilities, as well as expanding training for farmers. Production of rice and the staple food have increased gradually therefore rice production almost comes close to meet domestic requirements.

On the other hand, the tourism sector in Indonesia has expanded as a prospective contributor to earning of a number of local governments. Nowadays, the tourism sector is not only potential in Bali but also probable in all parts of Indonesia. The International Ecotourism Society states that Indonesia has been identified as a prospective country to develop tourism especially ecotourism. In addition, Indonesia has lots of wildlife flora and fauna as well as cultural diversities, black and white sand beaches, natural landscape, marines, mountains, etc. The tourism sector becomes a more prospective sector in Indonesia as illustrated in the growing number of international tourist arrivals shown in Chart 1.

Chart 1, The Growth of Foreign Tourists Visiting Indonesia period 1989 to 2005. Source: Statistic Agency of Indonesia, 2006

The chart 1 above illustrates that tourist arrivals grew inconsistently although tourism sector in Indonesia had grown a lot with mean value of approximately four millions visitors per year. The mean also indicated clearly that the tourism sector is prospective for the future.
The gradual increase tourist arrivals for the period of 1989 to 1997 were the growth stage of tourism in Indonesia. Since 1969, the government of Indonesia had been engaged into account of tourism development on national policy and planning called “Pelita I” the first step of five periods of development policy and planning. Unlikely, by the end of 1997, the economic crisis in Asia particularly Indonesia had broken down the tourism sectors and other sectors which then declined the number of arrivals in 1997 to 1999 which caused by internal and external factors. The internal factors were not only caused by economy crisis, but also by other factors such as politic, disaster, etcetera. The decline in 2001 to 2003 was caused by external factors such as terrorist attack destroyed World Trade Center (WTC) in United States of America and Bali bombing tragedy in Legian, Kuta-Bali.
Tourism has played an important role and essential source of earning. It can be evidently seen that almost all of economic activities in Bali were depended on and leaded by tourism sector. According to Pitana (2005), tourism sector is an incredible contributor to Product Domestic Regional Bruto (PDRB) for Bali. The tourism sector contributed 12.95% by 1970, 17.98% by 1990, 30.50% by 1997, 30.49% by 1998, 31.26% by 1999, and 33.19% by 2000. Examining further to the great contributions generated by tourism, therefore tourism sector in Bali is considered as an awaiting sector for now and upcoming year.
Furthermore, the prospective of tourism in Bali can be seen in Chart 2 that describes the number of international visitors and the growth of arrivals to Bali for periods 1969 to 2005.

Chart. 2, Number of direct international visitors to Bali for periods 1969 to 2005

Source: Bali Tourism Board, 2006

Chart 2 also indicates that the growth of international tourists visiting Bali since 1969 to 2005 fluctuated by mean of 559,356 visitors per year. The numbers of tourists’ fluctuations were caused by internal and external factors as well, such as terrorist attack occurred in September 2001 in World Trade Center.
At the same time, new competitors in South East Asia such as Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines confronted Bali. Inauspiciously, global issues like terrorism as Indonesia is predominantly a Moslem country also affected the inconsistency of the tourist arrivals to Bali. The decline occurred in 1998 was caused by economic crisis. Meanwhile the sharp decrease in 2001 to 2003 caused by terrorism issues and by the end of 2005 by disaster issues.
Even though, the tourism sector was growing inconsistency but it’s still as important sector in Bali. The development of tourism sector should be continued sustainability because the infrastructures such as international and local hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and others local business were growing in Bali.

1.2 Tourism Development Stages

According to Butler (1980), quoted by Gilbert (1990), the stages of tourism development comprises four stages such as discovery, launch, stagnation, and decline stages where the stages of tourism development in Bali are illustrated in the Graph 1 below.

Graph 1 Bali Tourism life cycle. Source: https://geographyfieldwork.com

Discovery Stage
The early 1900s brought a different type of invasion and tourism began to rise. Bali’s exotic beauty and culture as well as Balinese people’s hospitality began to draw foreigners to the island. Some, including German painter named Walter Spies, whose home now formed as a part of Hotel Tjampuhan Ubud, decided to settle down there. Spies and other foreign artists helped to stimulate the growth of Balinese arts which were originally produced mainly to decorate temples and palaces (https://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com).

Launch Stage
The second president of Indonesia, Soeharto, saw Bali as one of potential tourism destinations and reopened it to tourism in the late 1960s. One of the first big hotels built was Inna the Grand Bali Beach Sanur. The host communities respond and welcome it respectively to increase the number of tourist visits by providing facilities. Businesses remain family based and the visitor-resident relationship is still harmonious. Later in this stage, the numbers of tourists increased dramatically and the local communities involved in certain tourism industries.
The tourism was launched for both domestic and international tourists. For the purpose of supporting the tourism sector, the government, investors, private sectors, and small-local enterprises working together by providing infrastructures such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tourism objects such as beaches, retailing, roads, airport etcetera. On the other hands, the superstructures such as supporting tourism organizations for instance BTDC (Bali Tourism Development Centre), BTB (Bali Tourism Board), PHRI (Indonesian Hotels and Restaurants Association), and Tourism and Hotel Colleges are established professionally.
Stagnation Stage
Nowadays, the growth of tourism Bali is indicated as stagnation stage, while tourism sector has been developed in such contemporary way nevertheless the growth of tourist visit is still stagnant even though a number of promotions are continuously and intensively conducted. Furthermore, there are lots gaps between sectors, for instance: degradation of natural resources, overland using to build hotels and tourism infrastructures, air and water pollution; gap between rural and urban area, etcetera.

Presently, modern tourism development in Bali continues to attract all kinds of tourists. Some of international industries such as international-chain hotels and resorts lie on alongside the island. Its people continue to struggle over the choice between modernization and tourism, and their rich tradition. Although it has suffered some adverse social and environmental effects as a result of rapid tourism developments, Bali’s cultural heritages have withstood the test of time and remained slight changes today.

The stagnation stage has been identified since 2001 up to present, where the number of international arrivals is stagnant of approximately one million visitors per year. The developments of Bali really depend on tourism sector even though dominantly the populations of Bali are still working in agriculture sector. The stagnation stage is caused by internal and external factors. Internal factors consist of urbanisation problem, un-ecological development, unequal spatial where tourism development was focused southern part of Bali for instance Sanur, Kuta, and Nusa Dua without design guidelines. Meanwhile the external factors contributed to stagnation are terrorism issues, Irak war II, SARS disaster in Asia, new tourism destinations, etcetera (Pujaastawa, et al, 2005).
Additionally, according to Butler (1980), quoted by Gilbert (1990), the stagnation stage should be seen as a signal to innovate and find out alternatives to avoid the declining stage and to refine the growth of tourism. The tourism sector in Bali shall be immediately innovated and continuously developed based on sustainable tourism development concept.
According to Pitana (2005), the vision and planning development of tourism in Bali shall be based on Balinese culture as it is the only island which dominated by Hindus worshipers in Indonesia. Furthermore, Bali has a number of man-made tourism attractions and natural attractions such as lakes, mountains, beaches, and agriculture areas which should be persistently managed.
The goal of tourism development in Bali is to realize the sustainability of cultural-based tourism which developed in accordance with Tri Hita Karana concept as well as both the global market competition and improving quality of life of local communities. Tri Hita Karana is the philosophy of Balinese-Hindu which comprises three main elements namely harmonious relationship among the human being, between human and environment, and human and the Almighty God (WTO, 2003).

One of the visions of tourism development in Bali is to develop rural tourism based on local indigenous. It means whereas the tourism shall be developed in accordance with sustainable development principles by equality of people, profit, and planet. Without sustainable development, tourism will fail definitely to achieve the authentic goal of its development. One of the failure factors of tourism development identified by Subadra (2006) is that tourism is un-ecologically developed. In the similar study by McIntosh, et al. (1984) quoted by Subadra (2006) describes that the development of tourism is not always successful even though developed in an ecotourism model. Yet it sometimes fails to achieve the authentic objective of development since it also causes many negative impacts such as; solid waste generation, habitant disturbance, and forest degradation which is caused by the path erosion. Therefore, tourism may not be overdeveloped and rural destinations should not be visited by many tourists at the same time. Moreover it sometimes fails to give economic benefits while the profit generated from tourism development is not directly accepted by the local communities. In many cases, local communities are frequently left out since they normally do not have adequate knowledge, skill, and attitude to involve in tourism.
Furthermore, United Nation (UNEP, 2003) mentions that development of tourism should be based on the guidelines of sustainable tourism principles and agrotourism was identified as a tourism development model which is based on environment, nature, and biodiversity. In a similar study conducted by Sudibya (2002) explains whereas the international tourists particularly the educated tourists prefer visiting the destinations which concern much on environment sustainability and nature conservation to destinations which serve modern developments.
Conversely, Pitana (2005) mentioned that the agriculture sector in 1970 contributed 55.99% for Product Domestic Bruto of Bali Province, 32.53% by 1990, 19.33% by 1997, 23.31% by 1998, 22.10% by 1999, and 20.61% by 2000. These data illustrate that the agriculture sector is the second important sector after the tourism sector. While the current situation, the tourism sector in Bali is capitalistically and unequally developed since the development dominated in Southern part of Bali Island only. There is a gap between Northern and Southern part of Bali especially development of tourism sector (Pujaastawa, 2006). The great potencies of agriculture resources in Western, Middle, Eastern, and Northern parts of Bali Island have not been well developed and collaborated with tourism sector.
In this study, the research is focussed on economic, social and environmental benefits of agrotourism for the local communities and the demand of agrotourism among the tourists. The study is aimed at formulating the best strategies to innovate and develop agrotourism in Bali.

1.3 Problem Statement and Research Questions:
1.3.1 Problem Statement
How could agrotourism contribute innovation to the tourism sector and improve the economic, social, and environmental situations of local communities in Bali?

1.3.2 Research Questions
The questions of this research are formulated as follows:
1. How is the current situation of agrotourism in Bali?
2. What opportunities are available to develop agrotourism in Bali?
3. What barriers are found in developing agrotourism in Bali?
4. What are the tourism stakeholders’ opinions toward agrotourism development in Bali?
5. How could agrotourism improve of the economy of local communities in Bali?
6. How could agrotourism improve the social situation of local communities in Bali?
7. How could agrotourism sustain the tourism development in Bali?

1.4 Research Aims
The research is aimed at exploring the potencies of agrotourism in contributing innovation on tourism sector and to improve the economic, social and environmental situations of the local communities in Bali. Furthermore, the purposes can be detailed as follows:
1. Obtaining information concerning the current situation of agrotourism in Bali from general perspectives.
2. Identifying the opportunities to develop agrotourism from Balinese farmers’ opinions.
3. Identifying the barriers in developing agrotourism from Balinese farmers’ opinions.
4. Understanding the tourism stakeholders’ opinions concerning the agrotourism development in Bali from many perspectives such as entrepreneurs, government, tourism industries, NGOs, universities, local communities, and tourists.
5. Identifying the contributions of agrotourism in improving the economy of local communities from stakeholders’ opinions.
6. Identifying the contributions of agrotourism in improving the social situation of local communities from stakeholders’ opinions.
7. Identifying the contributions of agrotourism in sustaining tourism development from stakeholders’ opinions.

1.5 Overview of the report
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter comprises introduction to agriculture and tourism situation in Indonesia and Bali as well as the background, problem statement and research questions, research aims, and overview of the report.

Chapter 2: Literature Review
This chapter describes the main and relevant theories as well as concepts on agriculture, tourism, and agrotourism; main claims; and main arguments.

Chapter 3: Methodology
In this chapter comprises conceptual framework, research design, sampling technique, type of data, and analysis technique will be used to analysis of the research finding. The case studies determined by purposive method comprise Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages, as representatives of agrotourism in Bali Island. This study uses qualitative research design in which the data collected through questioners distributed to the respondents using Likert-scale interval. The respondents are determined by using purposive sampling. The data are descriptively analysed using SWOT analysis.

Chapter 4: Finding and Analysis
The analysis and interpretation will be used to acquire information about the current situation of tourism and agriculture in Bali by case studies comprise Bayung Gede, Candi Kuning, Blimbingsari, and Pelaga Villages, as representatives of agrotourism in Bali Island. The opportunities and barriers of developing agrotourism from Balinese farmers’ opinions will be descriptively and clearly described this chapter. The tourism stakeholders’ opinions toward the agrotourism development in Bali exactly from entrepreneurs, government, tourism industries, NGOs, universities, local communities, and tourists will also be discussed. The contribution of agrotourism in improving the economy and social situations of the local communities as well as sustainable tourism development will be collected and described as a part of this chapter.

Chapter 5: Conclusions
This chapter will conclude the finding of the study by using SWOT analysis and identify which factors belong to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats factors.

Chapter 6: Recommendations
The recommendation of this study is formulated from the result of SWOT analysis. This chapter deals with the strategy of agrotourism development in each place as described in Chapter 3.

Bibliography
The lists of bibliographies comprise books, journals, url/internets, and others publications are quoted in this part.

Appendix
This part will be used to determine the findings of research that do not include in the discussion chapters for instance list of respondents, pictures, etcetera.

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